2Managing Files and Directories

• 2.1File Ownership and Permissions

  Learn to control file access with owners, groups, and permissions: reading ls -l, chmod (symbolic/octal), changing ownership with chown/chgrp, defaults at creation via umask, and SUID/SGID/the sticky bit.

• 2.2Performing Basic File Management

  Learn the core file commands (ls, file, touch, cp, mv, rm, mkdir, rmdir), pattern matching with wildcards, conditional search and bulk operations with find, archiving with tar, compression with gzip/bzip2/xz, and dd.

• 2.3Hard Links and Symbolic Links

  Learn links—multiple names for one entity: how hard links differ from symbolic links (shared inode vs path reference), creating them with ln/ln -s, identifying them with ls -li, how links differ from copies, and their use in administration such as version switching.

• 2.4File Placement and Searching

  Learn the standard directory layout defined by the FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) and the search tools: the roles of /etc, /var, /home, /usr, etc.; find vs locate (updatedb, /etc/updatedb.conf); and locating commands with which, whereis, and type.