5Hardware, Disks, Partitions, and Filesystems

• 5.1Hardware Fundamentals and Configuration

  Learn how Linux recognizes and controls hardware: kernel module operations (lsmod, modprobe, insmod, rmmod), storage differences (HDD, SSD, optical), hardware information (lsusb, lspci, /sys/, /proc/, /dev/), and the concepts of sysfs, udev, and D-Bus.

• 5.2Disk Layout and Partitioning

  Learn partition design: the ESP (EFI System Partition) required for UEFI boot, choosing among fdisk, gdisk, and parted, allocation policy for / (root), /var, /home, /boot, and swap, and LVM basics (physical/logical volumes, online growth, snapshots).

• 5.3Creating, Managing, and Mounting Filesystems

  Learn to make partitions usable: creating filesystems with mkfs (traits of ext4, XFS, VFAT, Btrfs, tmpfs), swap (mkswap, swapon/swapoff), mount/umount, boot-time mounts in /etc/fstab, identification by UUID and label, and /media.