5System planning

• 5.1System concept & planning

  Covers the division of roles between the system concept, which draws the overall picture and policy of systematization from the management and information-systems strategy, and the system plan, which then makes concrete the target scope, structure, investment, schedule, effects, and risks; and the judgment of gauging premises, constraints, and risks through a feasibility study (technical, economic, operational) before committing to a plan.

• 5.2Requirements definition & non-functional requirements

  Covers the distinction among business requirements (what the business must achieve), functional requirements (what the system realizes), and non-functional requirements (quality and constraints such as performance, availability, and security); the judgment of agreeing with users on the tradeoff between availability level and cost using IPA's non-functional requirement grades (availability / performance-extensibility / operability-maintainability / migratability / security / system-environment-ecology); and securing stakeholder requirements, requirements analysis, and traceability.

• 5.3Procurement planning & execution (RFI/RFP)

  Covers the procurement order—RFI (request for information) to gather market and technical information, RFP (request for proposal) to present requirements and invite proposals, proposal evaluation, vendor selection, and contract—the items in an RFP, contract forms and the SLA and green procurement, and the judgment of preserving fairness by stating evaluation criteria in advance (e.g., issuing an RFI first when requirements are not yet fixed).

• 5.4Evaluating return on investment

  Covers evaluating IT investments with ROI, NPV (discounting future cash flows to present value and subtracting the initial investment), IRR (the discount rate where NPV = 0), the payback method (simple and discounted) measuring the years to recover the investment, and lifecycle TCO; and the ability to interpret numbers to decide which to weight when simple payback and NPV disagree (how time value and post-payback cash flows are treated).