6IoT, functional safety & low power

• 6.1IoT and wireless communication

  Covers BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) for short-range low-power connections, Wi-Fi for home/office LANs and mesh-capable Zigbee, LPWA (LoRa, NB-IoT, the 920MHz band) linking wide areas at low power, edge computing that processes data near the sensor before aggregating to the cloud, and secure boot guaranteeing startup integrity plus OTA (Over-The-Air) updates in the field.

• 6.2Low-power design

  Covers sleep and deep sleep modes that halt the CPU to cut power, clock gating that stops the clock to idle circuitry, DVFS that dynamically lowers voltage and frequency to match workload, intermittent operation that stays dormant and wakes only to communicate, and, building on all of these, estimating average current and battery life.

• 6.3Functional safety and reliability

  Covers IEC61508, the general functional-safety standard for electrical/electronic/programmable-electronic systems, and its automotive counterpart ISO26262, the safety levels SIL and ASIL they define, FMEA/FTA for systematically identifying failure effects, fail-safe (defaulting to a safe state on failure) versus fail-soft (degrading gracefully while continuing to operate), redundancy and majority voting to cover single failures, and PID control for tracking a target value.