What's changed: Created Cloud Digital Leader Chapter 4 (Domain 4 "Modernization": migration and computing = approaches (lift-and-shift/move-and-improve/rebuild)/Compute Engine/Spot VM; serverless, containers, APIs, hybrid = GKE/Cloud Run/Cloud Functions/App Engine/Apigee/GKE Enterprise (Anthos)).
4.2Serverless, containers, APIs, and hybrid
Understand containers and managed Kubernetes (GKE), the selection of serverless options (Cloud Run, Cloud Functions, App Engine), the value of connecting systems with APIs and Apigee, and GKE Enterprise (Anthos) for hybrid and multicloud.
Cloud-native apps gain scalability, portability, and operational efficiency when run on containers or serverless. For Cloud Digital Leader, understand these options and "when to use which."
4.2.1Containers and GKE
Containers package an app and its dependencies into a lightweight, portable unit, with portability—running the same everywhere—as the key benefit. Running many containers in production needs Kubernetes for automated placement, scaling, and self-healing; on Google Cloud, managed Kubernetes Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) provides this. GKE suits large-scale, complex microservices where you want Kubernetes-level control.
4.2.2Serverless
| Service | Best for | Characteristic |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud Run | Run containers serverless | Scale from zero, pay per use |
| Cloud Functions | Event-driven small functions | Run on a trigger |
| App Engine | Fully managed web app platform | PaaS, focus on the app |
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