2Designing data, reliability, and cost

• 2.1Storing and accessing data

  Understand choosing storage by data volume and performance/consistency requirements (AlloyDB, Spanner, Bigtable, Firestore, Cloud SQL, Cloud Storage, BigQuery), schema design for structured/unstructured data, eventual vs strong consistency, Cloud Storage signed URLs, and writing to BigQuery for analytics and AI/ML.

• 2.2Designing availability, resilience, and cost

  Understand geographic distribution and latency across regions/zones, data replication for zonal/regional failover, defining workload resource requirements, optimizing cost and resource usage, and designing reliability via idempotency and retries (exponential backoff).